Fluid dynamics of flapping aquatic flight
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چکیده
over a wide range of speeds (Westneat, 1996; Walker and Westneat, 2000, 2002a,b). Swimming performance (determined in speed endurance tests for fishes) shows that pectoral propulsors in some species are capable of generating thrusts that can power speeds up to 10 body lengths s–1 (Walker and Westneat, 2002a,b). In addition, these species are highly maneuverable in complex three-dimensional reef habitats. Many reef fishes, including bird wrasse Gomphosus varius, fly underwater by flapping their pectoral fins with a motion that resembles the wing kinematics of several flying insects, including the hawkmoth Manduca sexta (Walker and Westneat, 1997). Walker and Westneat (2000) argued that this flapping motion is more mechanically efficient than the fore–aft rowing or paddling motion that is also common in fishes. Indeed, wrasses with flapping strokes can achieve and maintain higher pectoral-fin-powered swimming speeds than wrasses with rowing strokes (Walker and Westneat, 2002a,b). In their earlier work on the mechanics of flapping fin propulsion in fishes, Walker and Westneat (1997) inferred fin 2997 The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2997–3008 (2002) Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited JEB4509
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